fs.wrap

Collection of useful WrapFS subclasses.

Here’s an example that opens a filesystem then makes it read only:

>>> home_fs = fs.open_fs('~')
>>> read_only_home_fs = fs.wrap.read_only(home_fs)
>>> read_only_home_fs.removedir('Desktop')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
fs.errors.ResourceReadOnly: resource 'Desktop' is read only

class fs.wrap.WrapCachedDir(wrap_fs: fs.wrap._F)

Caches filesystem directory information.

This filesystem caches directory information retrieved from a scandir call. This may speed up code that calls isdir, isfile, or gettype too frequently.

Note

Using this wrap will prevent changes to directory information being visible to the filesystem object. Consequently it is best used only in a fairly limited scope where you don’t expected anything on the filesystem to change.

__init__(wrap_fs: fs.wrap._F) → None

Create a filesystem. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

getinfo(path: Text, namespaces: Optional[Collection[Text]] = None) → Info

Get information about a resource on a filesystem.

Parameters:

• path (str) – A path to a resource on the filesystem.

• namespaces (list, optional) – Info namespaces to query. The "basic" namespace is alway included in the returned info, whatever the value of namespaces may be.

Returns:

resource information object.

Return type:

Info

Raises:

fs.errors.ResourceNotFound – If path does not exist.

For more information regarding resource information, see Resource Info.

isdir(path: Text) → bool

Check if a path maps to an existing directory.

Parameters:

path (str) – A path on the filesystem.

Returns:

True if path maps to a directory.

Return type:

bool

isfile(path: Text) → bool

Check if a path maps to an existing file.

Parameters:

path (str) – A path on the filesystem.

Returns:

True if path maps to a file.

Return type:

bool

scandir(path: Text, namespaces: Optional[Collection[Text]] = None, page: Optional[Tuple[int, int]] = None) → Iterator[Info]

Get an iterator of resource info.

Parameters:

• path (str) – A path to a directory on the filesystem.

• namespaces (list, optional) – A list of namespaces to include in the resource information, e.g. ['basic', 'access'].

• page (tuple, optional) – May be a tuple of (<start>, <end>) indexes to return an iterator of a subset of the resource info, or None to iterate over the entire directory. Paging a directory scan may be necessary for very large directories.

Returns:

an iterator of Info objects.

Return type:

Iterator

Raises:

• fs.errors.DirectoryExpected – If path is not a directory.

• fs.errors.ResourceNotFound – If path does not exist.

class fs.wrap.WrapReadOnly(wrap_fs: fs.wrapfs._F)

Makes a Filesystem read-only.

Any call that would would write data or modify the filesystem in any way will raise a ResourceReadOnly exception.

appendbytes(path: Text, data: bytes) → None

Append bytes to the end of a file, creating it if needed.

Parameters:

• path (str) – Path to a file.

• data (bytes) – Bytes to append.

Raises:

• TypeError – If data is not a bytes instance.

• fs.errors.ResourceNotFound – If a parent directory of path does not exist.

appendtext(path: Text, text: Text, encoding: Text = 'utf-8', errors: Optional[Text] = None, newline: Text = '') → None

Append text to the end of a file, creating it if needed.

Parameters:

• path (str) – Path to a file.

• text (str) – Text to append.

• encoding (str) – Encoding for text files (defaults to utf-8).

• errors (str, optional) – What to do with unicode decode errors (see codecs module for more information).

• newline (str) – Newline parameter.

Raises:

• TypeError – if text is not an unicode string.

• fs.errors.ResourceNotFound – if a parent directory of path does not exist.

copy(src_path: Text, dst_path: Text, overwrite: bool = False, preserve_time: bool = False) → None

Copy file contents from src_path to dst_path.

Parameters:

• src_path (str) – Path of source file.

• dst_path (str) – Path to destination file.

• overwrite (bool) – If True, overwrite the destination file if it exists (defaults to False).

• preserve_time (bool) – If True, try to preserve mtime of the resource (defaults to False).

Raises:

• fs.errors.DestinationExists – If dst_path exists, and overwrite is False.

• fs.errors.ResourceNotFound – If a parent directory of dst_path does not exist.

• fs.errors.FileExpected – If src_path is not a file.

create(path: Text, wipe: bool = False) → bool

Create an empty file.

The default behavior is to create a new file if one doesn’t already exist. If wipe is True, any existing file will be truncated.

Parameters:

• path (str) – Path to a new file in the filesystem.

• wipe (bool) – If True, truncate any existing file to 0 bytes (defaults to False).

Returns:

True if a new file had to be created.

Return type:

bool

getmeta(namespace: Text = 'standard') → Mapping[Text, object]

Get meta information regarding a filesystem.

Parameters:

namespace (str) – The meta namespace (defaults to "standard").

Returns:

the meta information.

Return type:

dict

Meta information is associated with a namespace which may be specified with the namespace parameter. The default namespace, "standard", contains common information regarding the filesystem’s capabilities. Some filesystems may provide other namespaces which expose less common or implementation specific information. If a requested namespace is not supported by a filesystem, then an empty dictionary will be returned.

The "standard" namespace supports the following keys:

key	Description
case_insensitive	True if this filesystem is case insensitive.
invalid_path_chars	A string containing the characters that may not be used on this filesystem.
max_path_length	Maximum number of characters permitted in a path, or None for no limit.
max_sys_path_length	Maximum number of characters permitted in a sys path, or None for no limit.
network	True if this filesystem requires a network.
read_only	True if this filesystem is read only.
supports_rename	True if this filesystem supports an os.rename operation.

Most builtin filesystems will provide all these keys, and third- party filesystems should do so whenever possible, but a key may not be present if there is no way to know the value.

Note

Meta information is constant for the lifetime of the filesystem, and may be cached.

makedir(path: Text, permissions: Optional[Permissions] = None, recreate: bool = False) → SubFS[_W]

Make a directory.

Parameters:

• path (str) – Path to directory from root.

• permissions (Permissions, optional) – a Permissions instance, or None to use default.

• recreate (bool) – Set to True to avoid raising an error if the directory already exists (defaults to False).

Returns:

a filesystem whose root is the new directory.

Return type:

SubFS

Raises:

• fs.errors.DirectoryExists – If the path already exists.

• fs.errors.ResourceNotFound – If the path is not found.

makedirs(path: Text, permissions: Optional[Permissions] = None, recreate: bool = False) → SubFS[_W]

Make a directory, and any missing intermediate directories.

Parameters:

• path (str) – Path to directory from root.

• permissions (Permissions, optional) – Initial permissions, or None to use defaults.

• recreate (bool) – If False (the default), attempting to create an existing directory will raise an error. Set to True to ignore existing directories.

Returns:

A sub-directory filesystem.

Return type:

SubFS

Raises:

• fs.errors.DirectoryExists – if the path is already a directory, and recreate is False.

• fs.errors.DirectoryExpected – if one of the ancestors in the path is not a directory.

move(src_path: Text, dst_path: Text, overwrite: bool = False, preserve_time: bool = False) → None

Move a file from src_path to dst_path.

Parameters:

• src_path (str) – A path on the filesystem to move.

• dst_path (str) – A path on the filesystem where the source file will be written to.

• overwrite (bool) – If True, destination path will be overwritten if it exists.

• preserve_time (bool) – If True, try to preserve mtime of the resources (defaults to False).

Raises:

• fs.errors.FileExpected – If src_path maps to a directory instead of a file.

• fs.errors.DestinationExists – If dst_path exists, and overwrite is False.

• fs.errors.ResourceNotFound – If a parent directory of dst_path does not exist.

open(path: Text, mode: Text = 'r', buffering: int = - 1, encoding: Optional[Text] = None, errors: Optional[Text] = None, newline: Text = '', line_buffering: bool = False, **options: Any) → IO

Open a file.

Parameters:

• path (str) – A path to a file on the filesystem.

• mode (str) – Mode to open the file object with (defaults to r).

• buffering (int) – Buffering policy (-1 to use default buffering, 0 to disable buffering, 1 to select line buffering, of any positive integer to indicate a buffer size).

• encoding (str) – Encoding for text files (defaults to utf-8)

• errors (str, optional) – What to do with unicode decode errors (see codecs module for more information).

• newline (str) – Newline parameter.

• **options – keyword arguments for any additional information required by the filesystem (if any).

Returns:

a file-like object.

Return type:

io.IOBase

Raises:

• fs.errors.FileExpected – If the path is not a file.

• fs.errors.FileExists – If the file exists, and exclusive mode is specified (x in the mode).

• fs.errors.ResourceNotFound – If the path does not exist.

openbin(path: Text, mode: Text = 'r', buffering: int = - 1, **options: Any) → BinaryIO

Open a binary file-like object.

Parameters:

• path (str) – A path on the filesystem.

• mode (str) – Mode to open file (must be a valid non-text mode, defaults to r). Since this method only opens binary files, the b in the mode string is implied.

• buffering (int) – Buffering policy (-1 to use default buffering, 0 to disable buffering, or any positive integer to indicate a buffer size).

• **options – keyword arguments for any additional information required by the filesystem (if any).

Returns:

a file-like object.

Return type:

io.IOBase

Raises:

• fs.errors.FileExpected – If path exists and is not a file.

• fs.errors.FileExists – If the path exists, and exclusive mode is specified (x in the mode).

• fs.errors.ResourceNotFound – If path does not exist and mode does not imply creating the file, or if any ancestor of path does not exist.

remove(path: Text) → None

Remove a file from the filesystem.

Parameters:

path (str) – Path of the file to remove.

Raises:

• fs.errors.FileExpected – If the path is a directory.

• fs.errors.ResourceNotFound – If the path does not exist.

removedir(path: Text) → None

Remove a directory from the filesystem.

Parameters:

path (str) – Path of the directory to remove.

Raises:

• fs.errors.DirectoryNotEmpty – If the directory is not empty ( see removetree for a way to remove the directory contents).

• fs.errors.DirectoryExpected – If the path does not refer to a directory.

• fs.errors.ResourceNotFound – If no resource exists at the given path.

• fs.errors.RemoveRootError – If an attempt is made to remove the root directory (i.e. '/')

removetree(path: Text) → None

Recursively remove a directory and all its contents.

This method is similar to removedir, but will remove the contents of the directory if it is not empty.

Parameters:

dir_path (str) – Path to a directory on the filesystem.

Raises:

• fs.errors.ResourceNotFound – If dir_path does not exist.

• fs.errors.DirectoryExpected – If dir_path is not a directory.

Caution

A filesystem should never delete its root folder, so FS.removetree("/") has different semantics: the contents of the root folder will be deleted, but the root will be untouched:

>>> home_fs = fs.open_fs("~")
>>> home_fs.removetree("/")
>>> home_fs.exists("/")
True
>>> home_fs.isempty("/")
True

Combined with opendir, this can be used to clear a directory without removing the directory itself:

>>> home_fs = fs.open_fs("~")
>>> home_fs.opendir("/Videos").removetree("/")
>>> home_fs.exists("/Videos")
True
>>> home_fs.isempty("/Videos")
True

setinfo(path: Text, info: RawInfo) → None

Set info on a resource.

This method is the complement to getinfo and is used to set info values on a resource.

Parameters:

• path (str) – Path to a resource on the filesystem.

• info (dict) – Dictionary of resource info.

Raises:

fs.errors.ResourceNotFound – If path does not exist on the filesystem

The info dict should be in the same format as the raw info returned by getinfo(file).raw.

Example

>>> details_info = {"details": {
...     "modified": time.time()
... }}
>>> my_fs.setinfo('file.txt', details_info)

settimes(path: Text, accessed: Optional[datetime] = None, modified: Optional[datetime] = None) → None

Set the accessed and modified time on a resource.

Parameters:

• path – A path to a resource on the filesystem.

• accessed (datetime, optional) – The accessed time, or None (the default) to use the current time.

• modified (datetime, optional) – The modified time, or None (the default) to use the same time as the accessed parameter.

touch(path: Text) → None

Touch a file on the filesystem.

Touching a file means creating a new file if path doesn’t exist, or update accessed and modified times if the path does exist. This method is similar to the linux command of the same name.

Parameters:

path (str) – A path to a file on the filesystem.

upload(path: Text, file: BinaryIO, chunk_size: Optional[int] = None, **options: Any) → None

Set a file to the contents of a binary file object.

This method copies bytes from an open binary file to a file on the filesystem. If the destination exists, it will first be truncated.

Parameters:

• path (str) – A path on the filesystem.

• file (io.IOBase) – a file object open for reading in binary mode.

• chunk_size (int, optional) – Number of bytes to read at a time, if a simple copy is used, or None to use sensible default.

• **options – Implementation specific options required to open the source file.

Raises:

fs.errors.ResourceNotFound – If a parent directory of path does not exist.

Note that the file object file will not be closed by this method. Take care to close it after this method completes (ideally with a context manager).

Example

>>> with open('~/movies/starwars.mov', 'rb') as read_file:
...     my_fs.upload('starwars.mov', read_file)

writebytes(path: Text, contents: bytes) → None

Copy binary data to a file.

Parameters:

• path (str) – Destination path on the filesystem.

• contents (bytes) – Data to be written.

Raises:

TypeError – if contents is not bytes.

writefile(path: Text, file: IO, encoding: Optional[Text] = None, errors: Optional[Text] = None, newline: Text = '') → None

Set a file to the contents of a file object.

Parameters:

• path (str) – A path on the filesystem.

• file (io.IOBase) – A file object open for reading.

• encoding (str, optional) – Encoding of destination file, defaults to None for binary.

• errors (str, optional) – How encoding errors should be treated (same as io.open).

• newline (str) – Newline parameter (same as io.open).

This method is similar to upload, in that it copies data from a file-like object to a resource on the filesystem, but unlike upload, this method also supports creating files in text-mode (if the encoding argument is supplied).

Note that the file object file will not be closed by this method. Take care to close it after this method completes (ideally with a context manager).

Example

>>> with open('myfile.txt') as read_file:
...     my_fs.writefile('myfile.txt', read_file)

writetext(path: Text, contents: Text, encoding: Text = 'utf-8', errors: Optional[Text] = None, newline: Text = '') → None

Create or replace a file with text.

Parameters:

• path (str) – Destination path on the filesystem.

• contents (str) – Text to be written.

• encoding (str, optional) – Encoding of destination file (defaults to 'utf-8').

• errors (str, optional) – How encoding errors should be treated (same as io.open).

• newline (str) – Newline parameter (same as io.open).

Raises:

TypeError – if contents is not a unicode string.

fs.wrap.cache_directory(fs: fs.wrap._T) → fs.wrap.WrapCachedDir[fs.wrap._T]

Make a filesystem that caches directory information.

Parameters:

fs (FS) – A filesystem instance.

Returns:

A filesystem that caches results of scandir, isdir and other methods which read directory information.

Return type:

FS

fs.wrap.read_only(fs: fs.wrap._T) → fs.wrap.WrapReadOnly[fs.wrap._T]

Make a read-only filesystem.

Parameters:

fs (FS) – A filesystem instance.

Returns:

A read only version of fs

Return type:

FS